What is the context?
Paul describes a later conflict in Antioch. Cephas had been eating with Gentile believers, but he withdrew after certain men came from James. Paul identifies fear of the circumcision group as the reason for the withdrawal.
The change affected others. The other Jewish believers joined Peter in the hypocrisy, and even Barnabas was led astray. A leader’s conduct was drawing the community toward separation.
Paul says they were not walking in line with the truth of the gospel. He challenged Cephas in front of everyone, asking how a Jew who had been living like a Gentile could pressure Gentiles to live like Jews.
The issue is how their shared faith is being lived out. Peter’s earlier table fellowship and later withdrawal send conflicting messages about who can be received as a fellow believer.
How is this passage commonly understood?
Christians commonly understand this as Paul opposing conduct that contradicted the shared gospel. Wesley’s notes on verses 11–14 and the USCCB notes on verses 11–14 both identify the inconsistency and its effect on fellowship with Gentile believers.
Where does this fit in God's plan?
Acts 10:34–48 and 11:15–18 describe Peter recognizing God’s work among Gentiles. They receive the Holy Spirit, and the Jerusalem believers praise God for granting Gentiles repentance leading to life.
That earlier account places the Antioch dispute within God’s welcome of people beyond Israel. The fellowship being strained is fellowship God Himself has opened through Christ and the gift of the Spirit.
What is our position?
We don't have a position on this passage yet. When our study reaches a conclusion the text supports, it will appear here.